Seizures in Dogs

Also known as a "convulsion", seizures are a common disorder in dogs that are caused by an abnormal electrical activity in the brain  It is characterised by involuntary contraction of the muscles, vocalisation, partial or full loss of consciousness & often loss of bodily functions.

Seizures are categorised as "general or focal".

• Tonic-clonic seizures - Formerly known as generalised or grand mal seizures, tonic-clonic seizures are a type of seizure that affects the entire brain.

• Focal seizures - Also known as partial seizures or local seizures, focal seizures are restricted to one location in the brain. Focal seizures are further divided into simple focal or complex focal. Simple focal seizures are where consciousness remains, complex focal seizures are when there is a change or loss of consciousness.

What are the causes of seizures?

Epilepsy is the most common cause of seizures in dogs. Other causes include genetic, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), brain tumour, head trauma,  heat stroke, portosystemic shunt, bacterial or viral infection, kidney failure, liver failure, canine distemper, certain medications & poisoning.

Canine epilepsy usually begins in dogs aged between one & three years old. It may be idiopathic (no known cause) or acquired.

What are the symptoms of a seizure?

Seizures may range from mild to severe and may be last from a few seconds to a few minutes. They typically occur in three stages, preictal, ictal and postictal.

Preictal or aura phase - Occuring before the seizure the dog may appear restless and anxious, affectionate, vocalise or seek seclusion.

Ictal phase- The second stage is when the actual seizure occurs. Symptoms vary from dog to dog & depending on the severity of the seizure. Not all symptoms may occur.

Common symptoms of seizures in dogs include:

• Involuntary vocalisation/calling out

• Muscle twitching

• Rigid extension of the legs

• Loss of consciousness

• Involuntary urination & or defecation

• Loss of breathing

• Salivation/drooling

• Chomping and chewing

Postictal phase - Once the seizure has finished, there is a post seizure state where the dog appears disoriented and confused. They may appear clumsy and unsteady on their feet. These symptoms may last for up to 24 hours.

What is the treatment of seizures in dogs?

Treatment depends on the cause of the seizures. Addressing any underlying medical issues where applicable.

If your veterinarian determines your dog has epilepsy treatment may include:

• Anti-convulsant medications such as phenobarbital, Diazepam (Valium) and primidone.

Please note:

The medical articles on this site have not been written by a veterinarian & should not be considered a replacement for a veterinarian visit. The articles are provided for informative purposes only.

Always seek immediate veterinary advice for any problems (health or behavioral) in your pets. 

While great care has been made in the creation of these articles, we cannot guarantee the accuracy or omissions on these pages. If in any doubt whatsoever, seek professional medical advice. aaa